Definition and Examples of Semantic Satiation

Definition and Examples of Semantic Satiation Definition Semantic satiation is a marvel whereby the continuous reiteration of a word in the end prompts a feeling that the word has lost its importance. This impact is likewise known asâ semantic immersion or verbal satiation. The idea of semantic satiation was depicted by E. Severance and M.F. Washburn in The American Journal of Psychology in 1907. The term was presented by analysts Leon James and Wallace E. Lambert in the article Semantic Satiation Among Bilinguals in the Journal of Experimental Psychology (1961). For a great many people, the way theyve experience semantic satiation is in a fun loving setting: purposely rehashing a solitary word again and again just to get to that sensation whenâ it quits feeling like a genuine word. Nonetheless, this wonder can show up in progressively unpretentious manners. For example, composing educators will regularly demand that understudies utilize rehashed words with care, not on the grounds that it shows a superior vocabularyâ and an increasingly persuasive style,â but to maintain a strategic distance from the loss of criticalness. Abuse of solid words, for example, words with extraordinary meanings or obscenity, can likewise succumb to semantic satiation and lose their intensity.â See Examples and Observations underneath. For related ideas, likewise observe: BleachingEpimoneGrammatical Oddities That You Probably Never Heard About in SchoolPronunciationSemantics Models and Observations I started to enjoy the most stunning likes as I lay there in obscurity, for example, that there was no such town, and even that there was no such state as New Jersey. I tumbled to rehashing the word Jersey again and again, until it got bonehead and useless. On the off chance that you have ever lain conscious around evening time and rehashed single word again and again, thousands and millions and a huge number of a huge number of times, you know the upsetting mental state you can get into.(James Thurber, My Life and Hard Times, 1933)Have you at any point attempted the test of saying some plain word, for example, hound, multiple times? By the thirtieth time it has become a word like snark or pobble. It doesn't get manageable, it turns out to be wild, by repetition.(G.K. Chesterton, The Telegraph Poles. Cautions and Discursions, 1910)A Closed LoopIf we articulate a word again and again, quickly and immediately, at that point the word is felt to lose meaning. Take any word, say, CHIMNEY. Let's assume it more than once and in fast progression. Inside certain seconds, the word loses meaning. This misfortune is alluded to as semantic satiation. What appears to happen is that the word shapes a sort of shut circle with itself. One articulation leads into a second expression of a similar word, this leads into a third, etc. . . . [A]fter rehashed elocution, this significant continuation of the word is hindered since, presently, the word drives just to its own recurrence.(I.M.L. Tracker, Memory, fire up. ed. Penguin, 1964) The MetaphorSemantic satiation is an allegory of sorts, obviously, as though neurons are little animals to be topped off with the word until their little guts are full, they are satisfied and need no more. Indeed, even single neurons habituate; that is, they quit terminating to a tedious example of incitement. Be that as it may, semantic satiation influences our cognizant experience, not simply individual neurons.(Bernard J. Baars, In the Theater of Consciousness: The Workspace of the Mind. Oxford University Press, 1997)Disconnection of Signifier and Signified-If you gaze persistently at a word (on the other hand, hear it out again and again), the signifier and connoted in the end seem to self-destruct. The point of the activity isn't to change vision or hearing however to disturb the inside association of the sign. . . . You keep on observing the letters however they no longer make the word; it, in that capacity, has evaporated. The marvel is called semantic satiation (first recogni zed by Severance Washburn 1907), or loss of the implied idea from the signifier (visual or acoustic).(David McNeill, Gesture and Thought. College of Chicago Press, 2005)- [B]y saying a word, even a critical one, again and again . . . you will find that the word has been changed into a good for nothing stable, as redundancy channels it of its emblematic worth. Any male who has served in, let us state, the United States Army or invested energy in a school quarters has had this involvement in what are called disgusting words . . .. Words that you have been instructed not to utilize and that regularly summon a humiliated or unsettled reaction, when utilized over and over again, are deprived of their capacity to stun, to humiliate, to point out an extraordinary mood. They become just sounds, not symbols.(Neil Postman, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992) OrphanWhy has my dads demise disregarded me feeling all in all, when he hasnt been a piece of my life in seventeen years? Im a vagrant. I rehash the word for all to hear, again and again, tuning in to it ricochet off the dividers of my youth room until it makes no sense.Loneliness is the topic, and I play it like an orchestra, in unending variations.(Jonathan Tropper, The Book of Joe. Irregular House, 2004)Boswell on the Effects of Intense Inquiry (1782)Words, the portrayals, or rather indications of thoughts and ideas in mankind, however constant to us all, are, when dynamically considered, exceedingly brilliant; in such a great amount of, that by attempting to consider them with a feeling of serious request, I have been influenced even with energy and a sort of trance, the result of having ones resources extended futile. I guess this has been experienced by numerous individuals of my perusers, who in an attack of considering, have attempted to follow the association between an expr ession of common use and its importance, rehashing the word again and again, and as yet beginning in a sort of stupid awe, as though tuning in for data from some mystery power in the psyche itself.(James Boswell [The Hypochondriack], On Words. The London Magazine, or, Gentlemans Monthly Intelligencer, Volume 51, February 1782)

Literary devices in the Ministers Black Veil free essay sample

Mill operator 4/16/13 In each artistic piece an individual peruses, may It be short story or novel, there will undoubtedly be some sort of abstract gadget, may It be Just one maln one the creator concentrates to add a particular tone to their piece as a well as make that scholarly piece recognizable, or different gadgets to keep up assortment and eccentrics. Without in any event conventional utilization of scholarly gadget, the perusers eyes will start to wander as they are attempting to keep up consideration with that particular piece. There re no correlations with show to a peruser what the writer sees an article or living thing intends to them and with no gadgets, the objective of drawing the peruser out of their reality and into the writers at last fizzles at catching the perusers eye in light of the fact that there was nothing in the story powerful enough at summoning the focused on feeling the writer was attempting to do from the very beginning A short story that works superbly at effectively drawing the peruser away from their reality and into the writers is The Ministers Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne. We will compose a custom exposition test on Scholarly gadgets in the Ministers Black Veil or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This Story has an assortment of artistic gadget, yet concerning what stands it, It Is imagery. Imagery Is the writers method of demonstrating perusers the noteworthiness of an item to them and what they really speak to in their souls. The story has significant accentuation on the possibility that the shroud the hero (Parson Hooper) of the story wears Is really an obstruction that covers the transgression submitted by Hooper done at some point before the beginning of the story and a mirror that mirrors the genuine wicked nature of individuals once more into the eyes who looked at the cloak as obvious by the townspeoples responses to the vell when Hooper strolled into the congregation with it - conceivably as a frightful animal that looks esembles them, yet with satanic facial highlights all things being equal . At the point when everybody In the congregation responded so adversely to the vell from the outset, the main thing a peruser would anticipate that the townspeople should do is stop and consider the various potential explanations behind Hooper wearing such an odd embellishment too its representative centrality. Rather than doing the accompanying, the towns individuals decided to see, hear and accept just what they need to and concluded that tattling and overlooking Hooper would benefit them when everything it did was represent the inquisitive and odd nature to people as being as Including a trace of the shallow side to human eings also. This story puts overwhelming accentuation on the possibility that no human is impeccable regardless of social standing or Job and none will ever be on the grounds that for each positive that a human makes, a negative attribute will appear at balance It out. This is demonstrated to be genuine in light of the fact that despite the fact that Parson Hooper is serve, an individual renowned for showing convictions, even has submitted a wrongdoing as indicated when he goes to a wedding and continues gives an impromptu speech to the couple just to get his own appearance in the glass, which was a sight so shocking that he spilled his wine glass and left quickly, hich makes it evident as indicated by the story that Hooper has trespassed before on the grounds that any individual who jumped at seeing the vell In the story was blameworthy of a submitted sin. Scholarly gadgets in the Ministers Black Veil By Razeblaze The Ministers Black Veil Literary Device Analysis bound to be some sort of abstract gadget, may it be Just one principle one the creator feeling the creator was attempting to do from the very beginning. A short story that works admirably at effectively drawing the peruser away from their reality and into the of abstract gadget, yet regarding what stands it, it is imagery. Imagery is the creators rotagonist (Parson Hooper) of the story wears is really a hindrance that covers the wrongdoing submitted by Hooper done at some point before the beginning of the story and a mirror the cloak as obvious by the townspeoples responses to the shroud when Hooper strolled everybody in the congregation responded so adversely to the shroud from the outset, the main thing a nature to individuals as being as including a trace of the shallow side to human constructive that a human makes, an antagonistic characteristic will appear at balance it out. This is any individual who recoiled at seeing the cover in the story was liable of a submitted sin.

LinkedIn Is it for Everyone Even Yoga Teachers

LinkedIn Is it for Everyone Even Yoga Teachers When I get interviewed or just talk to people about LinkedIn, one question I often get is, “Does everyone need a LinkedIn profile? Are there some professions where you don’t need one?” I typically respond that there are some job titles where having a LinkedIn profile is not essential for a job search. Nursery school teachers and plumbers might not find their jobs through LinkedIn, nor, probably, will nurses or doctorsâ€"at least not right now. And I still recommend that people have a profile. Why? For one thing, the professional world is constantly changing. Seven years ago, I was telling lawyers that LinkedIn was not the most important place for them to be for their job search. Lawyers are notoriously slow to catch on to emerging technology (most firms insisted on using the dinosaur WordPerfect for years after everyone else had switched to Word). But now most attorneys I encounter find value in LinkedIn, both in the realm of job search and for networking purposes. Why Yoga Teachers Need LinkedIn Profiles One profession that might not be an obvious choice for LinkedIn success is “yoga instructor.” But LinkedIn posted a blog on March 7 about Rebecca Mayne, a woman who built a thriving yoga business using … yep, you guessed it … LinkedIn. Rebecca did something many yoga teachers fail to do: she created a LinkedIn profile. Soon she discovered that yoga studio owners were looking on LinkedIn for teachers. They hired her! She then built her network by connecting on LinkedIn with her students, which led to a private session at someone’s workplace, followed by classes for the organization’s employees. Not only has Rebecca’s corporate yoga business exploded, but she is now training new teachers to do what she does. She was able to do all that because of LinkedIn. And I’m willing to bet that when a corporation is interested in hiring her, the first thing they do is look at her LinkedIn profile. What About Other Professions? A March 9 article from Wellesley College’s newsletter explored this issue as well. Overall, Wellesley students reported that they found the LinkedIn alumni group to be very useful in their networking efforts. One public health student, Sophie Gilbert, reported meeting with 10 alumnae for coffee, which gave her huge value as she was learning about her field. She also regularly reaches out to Wellesley alumnae in organizations that interest herâ€"a practice that could very well lead to a job after graduation. Says Sophie, “LinkedIn can be quite helpful for public health even though there is no specific group for it. You can search for degrees like [Master’s in Public Health] or keywords that have to do with public health and find tons of alumnae who are working in this very broad field. Other than speaking with professors at Wellesley, LinkedIn is all there is for networking in public health.” Sophie Kerwin, in contrast, is a student curatorial research assistant interested in pursuing a Ph.D. in Art History, leading to a career in academic or curatorial work. She has not found LinkedIn to be valuable in pursuing an academic career in art history. Still, she has found it useful as a way to track the career paths of other academics and curators. She has followed a best practice of modeling her profile after theirs, a strategy I recommend highly. “More people from the museum world are utilizing professional networking sites, but few people from the academic world utilize them,” she said. “Most of the networking I’ve done in both fields has been in person [or] through connections I’ve made at Wellesley either in the Art Department or at the Davis Museum.” I agree, based on my experience, that the academic and art worlds have not embraced LinkedIn as fully as have some other professions. But that doesn’t mean they won’t, perhaps even within the next year. Why LinkedIn Can Be for Everyone For everyone, regardless of profession, LinkedIn can be a place to learn, network and explore. There are groups for almost every profession, and if there’s not a group for yours then you can start one. I’ll bet that “if you build it, they will come.” As the Wellesley article stated, “… the site cannot replace other means of networking such as developing in-person connections or creating accounts with career-specific websites.” But that doesn’t mean you should not create a profile and milk it for all it’s worth.

Anthropology As A Central Standard Of Human Studies

Anthropology is the investigation of mankind in all times and places. Anthropology contains four fields of subdisciplines: social humanities, linguistic humanities, prehistoric studies, and physical or natural humanities. In each of human sciences fields a few people improve connected humanities, which utilizes anthropological learning to take care of useful issues. Cultural anthropologists study people in term of their societies, the frequently ignorant measures by which social gathering work. Linguistic anthropology study human language and may manage the depiction of a dialect, with the historical backdrop of languages, or with how dialects are utilized as a part of specific social settings. Linguistic was my favorite category to†¦show more content†¦After the hands on work, specialists conduct research examination of unearthed remains or natural examples gathered in the field. A long ritual of considering the associations among different people, gives human sciences a h ypothetical structure to study. The study of scientific categorization, taxonomy, arranges living creatures into a progression of dynamically more comprehensive classifications on the evidence of inner and outside visual similarities. The principal framework to characterize living things was System Naturae. It was based on the foundation of similarities in body structure, body capacity, and cycle of development. This same system now takes a gander at attributions. For example, organic reactions of blood, protein structure, and the cosmetics of the hereditary material itself. Development is implied as far as four powers that influence the hereditary structures of population which include: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. Alleles are altered types of a gene for a specified trait. The complete number of diverse alleles of genes offered to a population is known as a gene pool. The components of heredity, genes, are fragments of atoms of DNA, and the whole sequence groups of species. The human DNA gives the directions to the thousand of proteins that allow us to be alive and well. DNA atoms can create exact duplicates of themselves,

Who Were the Doughboys of World War I

Doughboys was the nickname given to the American Expeditionary Force that took part in the later years of World War I. Before the Americans arrived in Europe, the colloquialism had applied only to infantrymen, but at some point between April 1917 and November 1918, the word expanded to include the whole American armed forces. The term was not used in a derogatory sense  and is present in the diaries and letters of US serviceman, as well as newspapers. Why were the Doughboys there? The Doughboys helped change the course of the war, because while they were still to arrive in their multi-millions before the war ended, the sheer fact they were coming at all helped keep the western allies intact and fighting in 1917, allowing them to cling on until victories were won in 1918 and the war ended. These victories were, of course, achieved with the aid of the US troops, as well as many soldiers and supporters from outside Europe, like Canadians and Anzac troops (Australia and New Zealand). The western allies had asked for American help since an early stage of the war, but this was initially given in trade and financial support which often gets missed out of histories (David Stevensons 1914 to 1918 is the best starting point for this). Only when German submarine attacks on US shipping provoked did America join the war, decisively (although the US President has been accused of wanting to bring his nation into the war so he wouldnt be left out of the peace process!). Where the Term Came From The actual origin of the term Doughboy is still debated within both US historical and military circles, but it dates back to at least the American-Mexican War of 1846 to 1847. An excellent summary of the theories can be found if you wish to pursue US military history but in short, no one knows for sure. Getting covered in dust while marching so looking doughy seems to be among the best, but cooking practices, uniform style and more have been cited. Indeed, no one knows how the course of World War One gave the term Doughboy to the whole US expeditionary force. However, when US serviceman returned to Europe en masse during the Second World War, the term Doughboy had vanished: these soldiers were now GIs and would be for the next decades. The Doughboy thus became associated forever with World War One, and again no one really knows why. Food You may be interested to note that doughboy was also the nickname of an inanimate object, a form of flour-based dumpling that partly developed into the doughnut, and was in use by the late eighteenth century. This might be where the soldier’s doughboy name began, transmitted to soldiers, perhaps as a way of initially looking down on them.

The Jungle Descriptive Free Essays

The Jungle As the sun rose over the horizon it awoke the jungle slowly and efficiently. Soon I could hear the morning birds chirp with all their heart and that triggered joy and excitement in my soul. A morning breeze toured the jungle making the flowers and leaves tango with rhythm and finesse as though they were experts. We will write a custom essay sample on The Jungle Descriptive or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lush evergreen trees stood so firm as if the roots were clinging for their very life, in the distance there was a Crystal River and a waterfall as its source. I could hear the rampaging rapids after the dip of the waterfall which slowly converted into a swift river forcefully turning at every bank. The river cut through the middle of the jungle and diverted into another as a tributary. Finally, the lions, the big boys of the jungle roared to announce their presence after their pleasant peaceful slumber after gnawing on a flavorsome gazelle the night before. The leopards however, refused to announce their presence not only because they are a conventionally shy species but to also stay under the radar so they could catch their morning meal more easily. I slowly knelt down and let my hands explore the terrain beneath me although it looked rough and sandy it was cool and comforting and after a few moments my body was persuading me not to let go, as I listened to my body trying to induce me, more and more I felt the urge not to let go I wanted to kneel there the whole day and let the sand satisfy my dry hands, but I did not let it manipulate me and slowly I started to get up. As I was getting up a chameleon caught my eye even though it was skillfully disguised, I bent down again then reached out to touch it. I could see the centre of the neck throbbing faster as I was getting closer, it was hesitating possibly thinking I was a new addition to the jungle and wanted to feed on it. It, however, did not move, as I reached its airspace I touched its skin with my bare finger tips, it felt rough and scaly. The throbbing on its neck soon slowed down as it realized I had no interest in eating it, I slowly backed out of its airspace and stood hurriedly and once again I was mesmerized by the extraordinary view. As I observed the jungle I noticed a grape tree not too far from where I was, so I quickly dashed next to it and took a look at its beauty which put me in a day dream for about five seconds before I regained my senses. I spotted a ripe grape screaming â€Å"eat me†! I reached for the grape with all my soul, as my mouth began to water, I snatched it violently eager to please my taste buds and quickly placed it in my mouth. I let the grape roll underneath my tongue and back on top where I balanced it as my body prepared for godliness. As my mouth began to flood with saliva signaling it can’t wait any longer, I crushed the grape with my first molars and the flavor exploded as if I had set of a bomb. I could feel, taste and analyze all the different flavors and dyes as if I was a living chromatogram, my taste buds eased with satisfaction as the appetizing juice ran down my throat followed by the violet exterior. I stood there with my eyes closed, captivated by what I had just experienced and convinced that this was truly the work of God. The aroma of the vegetation of the whole jungle mixed all together and formed a smell that engulfed the air around me creating heavenly humid atmosphere. I took a deep breath in not wanting to exhale and wishing that it could be a replacement for oxygen, I could feel little drops on the tip of my nose that were tickling me. As I basked in this atmosphere it felt like I was in another dimension, and that I had escaped from this planet to paradise. As evening approached I laid back on the comforting sand witnessing the sunset which said â€Å"goodnight† to the whole jungle. The more the sun went down the quieter it became and the nocturnals would be saying â€Å"good morning† to each other and they would start preparing to catch their breakfast. The birds were slowly returning to their nests, the lazy lions were already asleep, the lurking leopards had returned to their resting place and the sneaky serpents had swiveled their way home. Soon the sun had completely descended and the full moon appeared bright with is stars that were constantly winking at me. The whole jungle was pin drop silent; it had fallen asleep, as did I. How to cite The Jungle Descriptive, Essays

The Cat Never Came Out of the Hat Again Essay Example For Students

The Cat Never Came Out of the Hat Again Essay In fourth grade, my teacher Mrs. Mendleson held an annual read-off. We were allowed to read whatever kind of books we wanted, the goal was simple: read more than everyone else. In two weeks, I read over five thousand pages more than anyone else in my class. I always have excelled in reading. I was able to read eighth grade books in fourth grade. I owe my reading abilities to my role model. I was taught to read in a very unique way by my grandma Judy. She taught me in a king sized bed, after school, with the same book as every other day, The Cat in the Hat. We will write a custom essay on The Cat Never Came Out of the Hat Again specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Everyday my grandma picked me up from pre-school, fed me lunch, and then it was time for my nap. I would place myself in the center of my grandparents king size bed that felt as big as the ocean. I pulled the handmade blue quilt up to my chin and waited for my grandma to come to read to me. Every day she wore a shirt with Whinnie the Pooh on it, and she smelled of the sweet pea fragrance from Bath and Body Works. My grandma was the woman who knew everyone, and everyone loved her. She impacted the lives of hundreds. She is my role model in life and my inspiration to achieve my dreams. After retiring she had a babysitting business, where she would babysit kids while she babysat my sisters and me. She didnt just teach me to read, she taught my sisters and the other kids she watched. I loved nap time because it was the only time I had alone with my grandma, without my three sisters or any other kid she watched. She always asked what book we were going to read today, yet my answer was always the same, The Cat in the Hat. My book was so worn out that duct tape held together the binding, the corners of the books werent even blue anymore, and the cardboard on the inside of the cover was exposed. I listened with great focus everyday to the point of memorization, and my grandma didnt even have to look at the book anymore while reading. She rattled off the verses for each page without a second thought. It was music to my ears. I loved that silly cat. I loved that Sally and her brother were able to clean all of their toys up right before their mom came home. Even though it was raining outside, they had a blast. I loved the way that the fish was always saying, Stop, mother wont like this! Also he way that the words flowed, it was the best. I looked forward to reading it every day. One day, like always, I waited for my grandma to meet me in her room. I waited for her to explore to the world of Whoville, where I would meet a talking cat, and have a day of fun. But when she walked in I noticed she was forgetting something, The Cat in the Hat! I was stunned. We always read it, and I never planned on getting a new book. When I asked why she didnt bring it she said she was sick of it and its the same every time. It rains, the cat comes, they have fun, they make a mess, they clean the mess and their mother comes home. She wanted to read something new. Oh god, I thought I was having a midlife crisis and I was only five years old. What were we going to read? Nothing is the same as The Cat in the Hat. I didnt think I would be able to follow along or understand the story. I knew the words of the story; I could recite them without looking at the book. .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .postImageUrl , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:hover , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:visited , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:active { border:0!important; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:active , .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698 .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad0e551cd7d4427edc52a6a442377698:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cat On A Hot Tin Roof Cutting For Maggie Monologue EssayWhat if I couldnt read with my grandma? She started to read, but I tried to neglect her. I hid my head under the covers and plugged my ears. She started reading Green Eggs and Ham. I am Sam. I am Sam. Sam I am, she started to read. I refused to read something else besides, The Cat in the Hat. But she ripped the covers right off of me and made me follow along. And on she read, Do you like green eggs and ham? Yuck, green eggs and ham! So I decided to see what person wants green eggs and ham and what he was up to with them. As I looked at the page I recognized some of the words that were also in The Cat in the Hat. She continued, Would you like them, Here or there? I remember when the Cat ask if Sally and her brother would like to play! For all the other words I started to sound them out as my grandma read out loud. I stumbled over words like, anywhere, but I took them letter by letter. I then noticed I didnt hear my grandma anymore, and I was the only one reading! I was reading a book on my own, and I didnt memorize the words. I felt accomplished. My grandma was so proud of me from then on, my grandma and I read a new book every day. In addition to reading, she taught me to be creative, imaginative and outspoken. She taught me that reading is a way to experience things I cant. Obviously Im never going to meet a singing cat, a talking fish or Thing 1 and Thing 2. But I can pretend. I feel like she is the reason why my dreams are so big, yet Im making them happen and nothing will stop me. I will become a nationally known baker, with a store front in New York. And right next to my office will be a picture of my grandma. She will be there to remind me I worked hard for this and that I did accomplish my dreams. My determination to read more than any one in Mrs. Mendlesons class wasnt fired by the fact that I would have bragging rights, and that she would bring me a blizzard from Diary Queen the next day. It was because I loved reading. My grandma taught me that reading can be fun and imaginative, even if you read the same book. I still to this day reread books that I fall in love with; not every day, but on occasions I will. I cherish things that are special to me like books and this memory of my grandma.

Phillip D. Palmer Essays - Conservatism In The United States

Phillip D. Palmer Texas Government 2306 Professor Bailey July 19, 2015 Phillip D. Palmer's Political Ideology In my own words I am going to explain what a solid liberal means to me. Now even though the political typology quiz that we had to take online says that I am a "Solid Liberal" I don't believe that in reality I'm as liberal as most of the other members Democratic Party. I am religious man. I am a licensed and ordained minister of the Gospel of Christ Jesus. With that being said, some of the liberal views of this day and time I totally disagree with it because of my Christian beliefs. The social acceptance of same sex marriage is a big topic right now. Governor Greg Abbott passed a bill that protects the ministers, preachers, and pastors from not getting reprimanded for standing from on their beliefs that marriage is to solely be between a man and a woman. On the lighter side of things, I am very liberal when it comes down to the government helping the middle and lower class by providing health insurance and government assistance programs such as W.I.C., Food Stamps, daycare programs, tax breaks, etc. So I truly say that I am a solid liberal or a steadfast conservative. I consider myself to be close to the middle but still more liberal than conservative. The state agency of Parks and Wildlife is one that I've personally used before. My family and I go camping often and we try and switch us our campsites every few years. There are so many state parks in Texas that we have used this site to get information on all of them. Each park has its own set of rules and guidelines concerning camping. This website gives us great insight on the natural resources, camp space, and also the history of the park as well.

Free Essays on I Infect Your Soul

My darkness fades from view And enters deep into you I infect your soul Let my darkness swallow you whole You are part of my dreams I am the precursor to your screams I engulf your spirit And take you to the limit Taking you over the edge Leaving you dangling on the ledge To jump and die Go on, pretend you can fly Let me watch you fall to the ground I will watch with joy unbound Let me take away your life Let me hand you this sharpened knife End it all And beware the fall Deep down into my dark black hole I am the keeper of your poor lost soul Come join with me Embrace me Clutch me to your breast Let my dark magic do the rest We are the terrors that fly in the night There is no point in putting up a fight Let us entwine Your wretched soul is mine Let us again embrace And leave behind this damned human race Your body is nothing but an empty shell Your soul belongs with me in Hell I infect your soulLet my darkness swallow you whole... Free Essays on I Infect Your Soul Free Essays on I Infect Your Soul My darkness fades from view And enters deep into you I infect your soul Let my darkness swallow you whole You are part of my dreams I am the precursor to your screams I engulf your spirit And take you to the limit Taking you over the edge Leaving you dangling on the ledge To jump and die Go on, pretend you can fly Let me watch you fall to the ground I will watch with joy unbound Let me take away your life Let me hand you this sharpened knife End it all And beware the fall Deep down into my dark black hole I am the keeper of your poor lost soul Come join with me Embrace me Clutch me to your breast Let my dark magic do the rest We are the terrors that fly in the night There is no point in putting up a fight Let us entwine Your wretched soul is mine Let us again embrace And leave behind this damned human race Your body is nothing but an empty shell Your soul belongs with me in Hell I infect your soulLet my darkness swallow you whole...

Analysis of Vast Fire Erupts Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Vast Fire Erupts - Article Example The emergency resources used in this accident were the HAZMAT, law enforcement and fire and emergency medical services (EMS). This implies that the US government has instituted regulations regarding the transportation of oil resources across the country. As a result, the transporters ought to follow the guidelines to avoid the occurrence of similar accidents in the future. This is after the prevalence of train accidents in Canada and North America, in which 100-car train overturned, killing people (Kohl, 2015). The other resource in place for the accident was the EMS that was introduced to help the injured victims recuperate. These comprised of ambulances and health practitioners who set up emergency facilities to attend to the victims that had minor injuries. There were also local resources from the nearby towns that caught fire from the eruption. The local resources comprised of the first aiders and residents who came to assist in the management of the fire. The intangible factors that affected disaster response when the fire erupted included coordination with other entities, the scope of operations and time. The coordination between the profit and governmental agencies was slow because the incident took place at a random speed. This forced the coordinators to undertake hasty decisions in order to stop the spread of fire to other distant places. It is also apparent that the scope of operations was not easy to manage since the fire spread to the nearby towns (Kohl, 2015). Considering this, it was difficult to accommodate the fire since the casualty was all over the region. The firefighters and the first aiders could not come up with a timely response team with management the fire erupted. Time was also another intangible factor that affected disaster response since the fire spread at a high speed to the neighborhoods, injuring numerous residents.

Is the UK Meeting its Recycling Targets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is the UK Meeting its Recycling Targets - Essay Example This paper studies the current state of recycling in the United Kingdom with a special emphasis into plastic, glass and paper & board materials. It compares the government initiatives and accomplishments to other European nations. It provides a critical analysis of the effect of the EU Directive in reducing landfill contamination. Recycling glass has a beneficial impact in a country’s environment. Susan Hubbard says that every ton of cullet return to the market saves between 1.2 to 2.8 million British thermal units compared with the use of land filling and incineration (Toto, 2005). The process most commonly used to recycle glass is to remelt the material, a procedure which saves energy, reduces carbon dioxide emissions and reduce the consumption of the natural resource (Wrap, 2007). Appendix A illustrates the United Kingdom’s glass recycling rate. The country recycled 6% of the glass in 1984, but nearly 20 years later the recycling rate of the material had increased to 35% in the UK. The EU packaging waste directive set a 60% glass recycling target for the year 2006 (Glass, 2002). According to Glass Magazine countries such as Germany and Netherlands surpassed the 70% glass recycling rate before 2002, but other European nations such as the United Kingdom were struggling recycling glass a very lo w recycling rate of 23%. The UK is not very competitive in comparison with its European neighbors in glass recycling. One of the reasons the United Kingdom is struggling to recycle at the pace of other European nations is because the country does not have an effective glass recovery program in place to separate crystal and colour glass. There are different markets in the recycling industry for the two types of glass. If the UK establishes an efficient system to separate the products in their pickup efforts they could accelerate the process of

Impact of Agriculture Credit on Agriculture Productivity

Impact of Agriculture Credit on Agriculture Productivity ABSTRACT Impact of agriculture credit on agriculture productivity. Agriculture plays vital role in Pakistans economy. It is the single largest sector and it is principal driving force for growth and development of the national economy of Pakistan. Agriculture credit plays vital role for increasing the efficiency of this sector. Timely and adequate availability of credit enables the farmers to purchase the required inputs and machinery for carrying out farm operations. There are two dimensions of this research first are measuring the impact of credit on development efficiency and second is measuring impact of credit on production efficiency. Regression model was used to determine the impact in both dimensions data collected from State Bank of Pakistan for analysis the results concluded that there is a positive relationship between agriculture credit and both development and production efficiency but not up to much extent that is required there is a minor impact on farm yield and productions le vels by agriculture credit the reasons can be credit policies timings of providing credit and can be not providing credit effectively where it is needed most. INTRODUCTION Agriculture plays an important role in Pakistans economy. It is the single largest sector and it is principal driving force for growth and development of the national economy of Pakistan. Agriculture and Livestock accounted for 23.1 per cent of the GDP in 2004-05. It employs 43.1 per cent of the labor force, provides livelihood to 68 per cent of the countrys population living in rural areas, and contributes 60 per cent share in export earnings from processed and un-processed agricultural products. Major industries like textile and sugar are agriculture based sectors. The rate of growth for agriculture sector is 4% in the past two decades, contributing significantly to overall economic growth, food supplies and exports. Although the share of agriculture in the GDP has declined over the years, in line with Development of other sectors such as industry, infrastructure, services, etc., it still remains the leading sector of the economy. The future policies in agriculture have been focused on attaining high growth rates by providing the right policies and institutional support, so that the sector can move forward and enhance its contribution to the economy. Review of Agriculture Sector The agriculture sector grew at an average annual growth rate of 4.5 per cent in the last decade, i.e. 1990s. However in 2000-01 and 2001-02, its performance was badly affected due to persistent drought conditions. It registered a growth rate of (-) 2.2 and (-) 0.1 per cent in 2000-01 and 2001-02, respectively. With subsequent improvement in the availability of Water, it grew by 4.1 per cent and 2.6 per cent in 2002-03 and 2003-04, respectively. In 2003-04, the major crops which account for 34.2 per cent of the agriculture value added grew by 2.8 per cent and minor crops which contribute 12.4 per cent to the agriculture value added, Grew by 1.7 per cent. In 2004-05, the agriculture sector registered an all time high growth of 7.5 per cent due to farmers friendly government policies, favorable weather conditions and Improvement in the availability of water. There was a recorded production around 14.6 million bales of cotton and 21.1 million tones of wheat. The contribution of major and minor crops was 17.3 and 3.1 per cent, respectively. Although the shortage of water affected the performance of crops in 2000-01 and 2001-02, its impact was reduced due to various measures by the farmers on the Recommendation of the Agriculture Departments such as efficient use of canal water, Exploitation of underground water through tube wells, sowing on ridges and better Agronomic and good management practices. The country had achieved self-reliance in wheat. Around 1.036, 1.704 and 0.553 million tones were exported due to build up of wheat stocks, in the years of 2001-02, 2002-03 and 2003-04, correspondingly. However, due to subsequent decline in wheat production, around 1.37 million tones of wheat was imported in 2004-05 to build up reserve stocks and meet domestic requirement. Although availability of water has been a serious constraint, there are other factors also, which are hampering the growth and development of the sector. Some of the factors are: low productivity of crops, inefficient use of water, degradation of land resources (water logging and salinity), imbalance application of fertilizer, inefficient use of agricultural inputs, ineffective transfer of technology to the farmers, lack of coordination between research and extension, post-harvest losses, marketing infrastructure, etc. Inspite of the reasonably performance in the agriculture sector the over all productivity is comparatively low as compare to other agriculture based countries like India for example in study based on comparison of agriculture performance in Indian and Pakistani Punjab it was found that Indian Punjab performed very well as compare to Pakistani Punjab because of the problems in infrastructure lack of mechanization most of these problems arise due to financial constraints these problems can be addressed by emphasizing on credit programs to farms get proper inputs such as production inputs like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides on time so that production efficiency improved and on the other hand development efficiency can be increased by mainly development efficiency is farm efficiency like land leveling, water courses, tractors tube wells these all required proper credit supply so therefore credit is the vital component in the improvement of agriculture efficiency. Agriculture credit role in increasing productivity Credit plays an important role in increasing agricultural productivity. Timely and adequate availability of credit enables the farmers to purchase the required inputs and machinery for carrying out farm operations. The farmers will be facilitated through the one window operation and revolving credit scheme. The one window operation was initiated in 1997 by the ZTBL which has been found quite useful in meeting the farmers credit requirements. Credit is the back bone for any business and more so for agriculture which has traditionally been a nonmonetary activity for the rural population in Pakistan. Agricultural credit is an integral part of the process of modernization of agriculture and commercialization of the rural economy. The introduction of easy and cheap credit is the quickest way for boosting agricultural production. Therefore, it was the prime policy of all the successive governments to meet the credit requirements of the farming community of Pakistan. Agriculture as a sector depends more on credit than any other sector of the economy because of the seasonal variations in the farmers returns and a changing trend from subsistence to commercial farming. How credit improve productivity both production and development or farm efficiency the answer is through the supply of proper credit to farmers they are able to purchase proper amount of fertilizers at the right time purchase pesticides at the right time so the production process will continue without any problems that will increase production efficiency. For development efficiency credit is needed for mechanization, i.e for land leveling water courses, tube wells, tractors and other inputs so credit is needed by farms for the proper availability of theses resource of course without the availability of these resource both production and development efficiency cannot be increased. In some of the studies importance of credit in agriculture stated as According to Shephered (1979) credit determines access to all of the resources on which farmers depend. Consequently, provision of macroeconomic policies and enabling institutional finance for agricultural development has been directed to the provision of infrastructure capable of facilitating agricultural development with a view to enhancing the contribution of the sector in the generation of employment, income and foreign exchange. One of the reasons for the decline in the contribution of agriculture to the economy is lack of a formal national credit policy and paucity of credit institutions, which can assist farmers. Credit or loan able funds is viewed as more than just another resource such as labor, land, equipment and raw materials. Therefore, by injecting capital into agriculture, it is possible to increase the rate of agricultural development since credit has frequently been considered as one of the main factors in overcoming agricultural stagnation that helps to expand farmland size and production. Table 6 shows the figures of amount of credit in billion rupees disbursed by different sources in agriculture sector by analyzing the figures it has been noted that credit for production has more amounts in every year as compare to credit for development loans so therefore the area where government has to focus is how to increase development efficiency (land leveling, water courses, and tractors) etc. supply of adequate credit should be implemented for development loans like production loans. Difference between production efficiency and development efficiency Production efficiency is related to the productivity related to inputs related purely to crops production such as seeds fertilizers pesticides chemicals etc. where as development efficiency is related to mechanization of farms lands development there fore inputs are tractors, land levelers water courses etc the details are below. Production efficiency factors The input factors related to production efficiency are Fertilizer The use of fertilizer is expected to grow by 4.0 per cent per annum in order to meet the crop production targets. The growth rate for the nitrogen is estimated at 3 per cent, phosphate 7 per cent and potash 12 per cent. In quantitative terms, nitrogen will increase to 3,049 thousand tones, phosphate 1,058 thousand tones and potash 45 thousand tones by 2009-10. The overall fertilizer consumption is estimated at 4,152 thousand tones. The mean application rate at national level will be about 180 Kg nutrients per hectare. There are other fertilizer products as source of micronutrients such as Zinc, Boron and Iron would also be targeted for specific crops (rice, cotton, maize, sugarcane, vegetables and horticultural crops) for efficiency and quality. According to research by (Coady, 1995) it is stated that the introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice in Pakistan in the mid-1960s was heralded as a major breakthrough in the problem of food supply. A crucial characteristic of these new HYVs was their high yields when used in conjunction with chemical fertilizer (henceforth just fertilizer) and controlled irrigation. Great emphasis was placed on increasing the supply and use of fertilizer, which was still regarded as of crucial importance by the mid-1980s-of the total increase in agricultural output envisaged by the Sixth Five Year Plan (Government of Pakistan 1983), 48% of it was expected to come from increased use of fertilizer. Although the technology associated with HYVs is essentially regarded as being neutral to scale, constraints such as those arising from inadequate irrigation, an inability to secure credit and access to extension services can bias the technology towards larger farms. The researcher focuses on the use of fertilizer. Earlier analysis of the data showed that just over 80% of the sample applied fertilizer, this the farms more than 25 hectares have higher percentage. However, that simple analysis of fertiliz er use did not indicate any systematic relationship between land size and per-acre levels applied (henceforth, fertilizer intensity). There, as in most studies of fertilizer use, zero observations are dropped. Much of the literature on agriculture in developing countries argues that, because of lack of access to crucial complementary inputs (such as irrigation, knowledge or credit), the productivity of fertilizer is lower on smaller farms. This would suggest that fertilizer intensity ought to be positively correlated with farm size. However, although my data suggest that a larger proportion of smaller farms do not apply any fertilizer, focusing only on users, I do not find any systematic relationship between fertilizer intensity and farm size. However, when I allow in my analysis for lack of access, I find a negative relationship between fertilizer intensity and farm size, in spite of the fact that productivity-enhancing characteristics appear to be biased in favor of large farms. I suggest that this could reflect the effect of uncertain yields on risk adverse farmers. If one accepts this interpretation, then it appears that the effect of uncertainty is strong enough to outweigh the produc tivity bias towards larger farms Pesticides and Plant Protection The productivity of crops is mainly depends upon control of pest. Around approximately 20% to 25% cent of crop production output lost due to hit of insects and pests. The use of pesticides has increased from 665 tones in 1980 to 69,897 tones in 2002. It has been estimated that its consumption may touch 78,000 metric tones till 2010. Approximately around 54% of the pesticides are useful on cotton crop, 23 per cent on rice, 9 per cent on fruits and vegetables, and 5 per cent on sugarcane. The rising and unsystematic use of pesticides must be avoided as it also kills useful predators and insects and causes environmental deprivation. Importance will be given on support of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in order to reduce the application of pesticides in the best way. According to research (Alagh, 1988) states that INSECT pests, diseases and weeds inflict considerable damage to crops and plantations resulting in an estimated. Crop loss of over one-third of realizable output globally. Losses are higher in Africa and Asia, more than 40 per cent annually. The earliest use of chemicals to prevent crop losses is reported in the nineteenth century with the use of inorganic salts. The thirties of this century represent the beginning of the modern era of synthetic organic pesticides which saw the discovery of DDT (in 1939) and BHC (in 1942). A host of chloro organic compounds were introduced subsequently. Then came the organophosphorous com- pounds representing another extremely important class of organic insecticides, malathion being the first example of a wide spectrum insecticide with low mammalian toxicity. The new crop varieties and cropping sequences for intensive agriculture brought to the forefront problems of pests which caused tremendous losses to various crops and their produce. Pest problems have shown marked increase in changing agriculture. Pest problems have increased with the intensification of agriculture. Also improved agriculture brought about a transformation and an all round consciousness not to allow/tolerate yield losses especially because of the availability of modern pest control technology which makes it possible to avoid or to minimize such losses. Losses to crops and their produce are caused by various agencies which include insects, diseases, nematodes, weeds and several other non-insect pests. The estimated losses vary from crop to crop and region to region. However, it has been estimate that in India annual monetary loss in agriculture due to weeds, diseases, insects, nematodes, storage pests, rodents and birds runs into Rs 6,000 crore. This estimate is somewh at speculative yet it gives a first order approximation of the nature of the problem. Estimates with respect to many crop pests or diseases are available both in terms of percentage avoidable loss or loss in value. Such information is valuable and essential planning and implementation point of view of economic programs. So therefore pesticides plays important role in increasing production efficiency by reducing diseases and damage to the crops by the insects or pests because if crops production is effected by any of the reasons stated above crops production efficiency will be decreased. Development Efficiency How mechanization helps in improving farm efficiency Animal draft has conventionally remained a source of traction powers at farm over centuries. All operations at farm from tilling of the land to sowing, cultural management practices, lifting of water from shallow wells, harvesting, threshing, winnowing and transport were carried through animal provided draft. The use of fuel run machinery is a matter of about half a century. The major focus in the area came since the times of green revolution in late 1960s when the high yielding varieties (HYVs) inspired farming community for paradigm shift in adoption of other new technologies including farm mechanization. The major emphasis has been on farm traction, exploitation of sub surface water resources from sweet water aquifer, harvesting/threshing of crops, spraying of crops against insects, pests/diseases and pressurized irrigation operations. The main purpose of farm mechanization is to improve efficiency by replacing techniques with more efficient use of machines which performs sowing, harvesting, shallow wells and transport with less time and more efficient that animals based techniques. Mechanization of farm operation has become necessary due to shortage of labor and animal power at planting and harvesting stages of crops. It helps in timely sowing, cultural practices and harvesting of crops and reduction in post harvest losses. The most popular forms of mechanization are tractors with cultivators, drills, wheat threshers, sprayers, power rigs, tube-wells and bulldozers. The total number of operational tractors in the country is estimated to be 342,000 by June 2005. Thus available horsepower (hp) at farm level will be 0.82 hp per hectare as compared with 1.4 hp per hectare recommended by FAO for developing countries. It is projected that 45,000 tractors per annum will be added to the existing fleet. Thus, the total number of operational tractors will be increased to 466 thousand in 2009-10, increasing the horsepower at farm level to 1.1 hp per hectare. The fleet of bulldozers in the provinces will be strengthened for the development of wastelands and construction of slow action dams. The availability of institutional credit for the purchase of tractors and other agricultural machinery will be ensured through earmarking the actual credit requirement to Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL) and other commercial banks. The farmers will be facilitated to procure small seed processing units and establish primary grading facilities at farm level to fetch good price of their produce. The sugarcane harvesters, maize and cotton pickers, paddy transplanters and laser land leveling equipments will be introduced. Custom hire farm service centers will be established at suitable places for costly agricultural machinery/implements for small and medium farmers under public-private partnership. The public sector will provide seed money and technical assistance for the establishment of these centers. The farmers organizations will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of these centers on sustainable basis. The factors included in farm efficiency are Left bank outfall drainage scheme Land leveling Water courses Drainage schemes Left bank outfall drainage scheme Emerging drainage problems The greatly increased continuous use of Indus water for irrigation (from storage or direct river diversions) has significantly altered the hydrological balance of the Indus Basin. Seepage losses from irrigation canals, distributaries, minors, and watercourses and deep percolation from the irrigated lands have resulted in a gradual rising of the groundwater table, bringing with it critical problems of water logging and salinity over a vast area. Water logging is widespread throughout Punjab and Sind provinces, where most of the countrys food and fiber crops are produced. In the early 1900s, the water table was generally more than 15 meters (m) below the surface throughout the Indus Plain. However, by 1978 (when the Indus Basin Salinity Survey was completed), the water table in 22% of the Indus Basin was within 1.8 m of the surface, and an additional 30% was within 3 m. The condition has get worse since then. There was a comprehensive survey conducted in 1961 calculated that about 40,0 00 ha of land were being lost per year to agricultural production due to water logging and salinity. While these estimations have not been updated available information suggests that land neglected in severely waterlogged areas is continuing. What is left bank outfall drainage schemes The Left bank outfall drainage concept embraces major drainage and agricultural development and represents the collective efforts of Government of Punjab, Government of Sind, WAPDA, 1UNDP, international consultants, and potential co financiers, led by the World Bank. The Stage I Project has evolved from numerous investigations and studies initiated in the mid-1960s and refined thereafter. The project was subjected to extensive professional scrutiny and is a milestone in the Banks long-standing involvement with Indus Basin development. The LEFT BANK OUTFALL DRAINAGE SCHEME concept has been subject to intensive project preparation during the past 20 years. The Lower Indus Project report, prepared in 1966 by Sir N. MacDonald and Partners Ltd. and Hunting Technical Services Ltd., both of the United Kingdom, contains a comprehensive plan for optimum development of agriculture in the LEFT BANK OUTFALL DRAINAGE SCHEME area. Why this scheme is so important for Pakistani agriculture due to the irrigation conditions of agriculture Major factors in recent improvement of agriculture have been favorable weather and the affirmative response of farmers to GOVERMENT OF PUNJABs policies and programs for agriculture sector development. Land leveling in Pakistan Studies have indicated that a significant (20 to 25 %) amount of irrigation water is lost during its application due to poor farm designing and uneven fields. It has been estimated that the farmers keep on applying water until the maximum point in a field is covered. This leads to over-irrigation of low-lying areas and under-irrigation of superior spots in those results in irregular supply of all nutrients to the plants besides accumulation of salts in such areas. The fields not correctly leveled, because wastage of land, low irrigation efficiencies, and eventual result is considerably lesser yields than the possible. Accurate Land leveling (PLL) consists of grading and planning land to a smooth level or no slope to facilitate efficient irrigation. Modernized method of carrying out PLL is by using LASER equipment that helps in attaining mandatory degree of precision at lesser cost and effort. LASER land leveling equipment is provided to the farmers on nominal average rental charges i .e. Rs 150/hour to 200/hour. An area of about approximately 400,000 acres has been accurately leveled in the Punjab since inauguration of OFWM program that includes over 113,000 acres leveled with LASER technology. Precision Land Leveling (PLL) is a mechanical process of grading and smoothing the land to a accurate and consistent plane surface at grade or no grade (zero slope) with variation of less than  ± 2cm. It is carried out to control irrigation application losses at the farmers fields besides other advantages. LASER technology has been proved to be advantageous as it minimizes the cost of irrigation operation, ensures better degree of precision in much lesser time, saves irrigation water, ascertains consistent seed germination, increases fertilizer use efficiency and resultantly enhances crop yields. Impact studies on LASER land leveling identify that it: Curtails the irrigation application losses up to the extent of 25% Reduces labor requirements for irrigation by about 35% Enhances the irrigated area by about 2% by brining the number as well as length of field ditches and dikes to a minimum * Increases the crop yields by about 20% Pakistan is considered to be the pioneer in South Asia for promoting use of LASER technology in irrigated agriculture. OFWM Punjab has tested the first laser leveling equipment in 1985. Before devolution, there were 140 LASER land leveling units available with District Governments which have been procured through donor assisted projects, respectively. One hundred units were equipped with tractors while 40 units were without tractors. These machines have accurately leveled about 125,000 acres of land. The yearly potential of available LASER equipment was about 25,000 acres per year. The major operational limitation encountered to make sufficient use of this equipment was insufficient availability of OM funds with the public sector. Drainage schemes The constant expansion of the irrigation system over the past century drastically altered the hydrological balance of the Indus River basin. Seepage from the system and percolation from irrigated fields caused the water table to get higher, attaining crisis conditions for a significant area. Around 1900 the water table was typically more than sixteen meters below the surface of the Indus Plain. A 1981 study found the water table to be within about three meters of the surface in more than one-half the cropped area in Sindh and more than one-third the area in Punjab. In some areas, the water table is much nearer to the surface. Cropping is fatally affected over a wide area by poor drainagewater loggingand by accumulated salts in the soil. Officials were conscious of the need for additional expenditure to prevent further worsening of the existing situation. Emphasis in the 1980s and early 1990s was on rehabilitation and preservation of existing canals and watercourses, on farm improvements on the farms themselves (including some land leveling to conserve water), and on drainage and salinity in priority areas. Emphasis was also placed on the short-term projects, mainly to improve the operation of the irrigation system in order to lift up yields. Element of the funding would come from stable increases in water use fees; the objective is gradually to raise water charges to cover operation and maintenance costs. Substantial time and money are needed to understand the full potential of the irrigation system and bring it up to modern standards.(detected) Irrigation and watercourses In the beginning of 1990s, irrigation from the Indus River and its tributaries comprised the worlds largest contiguous irrigation system, capable of watering over 16 million hectares. The system includes three major storage reservoirs and numerous barrages, head works and canals, distribution channels. The total length of the canal system exceeds 58,000 kilometers; there are a further 1.6 million kilometers of farm and field ditches. Over the use of Indus waters there were prolonged disputes between India and Pakistan because partition placed portions of the Indus River and its tributaries under Indias control. After nine years of dialogue and technological studies, the issue was resolved by the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960. India use of the waters of the main eastern tributaries in its territorythe Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers after a ten year transitional period, the treaty awarded Pakistan received use of the waters of the Indus River and its western tributaries, the Jhelum and Chenab rivers. When the treaty was signed, Pakistan began an extended and rapid irrigation construction program, partly financed by the Indus Basin expansion Fund of US$800 million contributed by various nations, including the US, and administered by the World Bank. Several huge link canals were built to transfer water from western rivers to eastern Punjab to substitute flows in eastern tributaries that India began to redirect in accordance with the terms of the treaty. In 1967 the Mangla Dam, on the Jhelum River, was completed. The dam provided the first major water storage for the Indus irrigation arrangement. The flood control was also contributed by the dam, for regulation of flows for some of the link canals, and to the countrys energy supply. At the same time, further construction was undertaken on barrages and canals. The vital need in the 1960s and 1970s to raise crop production for domestic and export markets led to water flows well beyond designed capacities. Completion of the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs, as well as enhancement in other parts of the system, made superior water flows possible. In addition, the government began installing public tube wells that frequently discharge into upper levels of the system to add to the available water. The higher water flows in parts of the system significantly go beyond design capacities, creating stresses and risks of breaches. However, many farmers, mainly those with smallholdings and those on the way to the end of watercourses, suffer because the supply of water is unreliable. The irrigation system represents a considerable engineering achievement and provides water to the fields that account for ninety percent of agricultural production. Nevertheless, serious problems in the design of the irrigation system avert achieving the highest potential agricultural output. LITERATURE REVIEW Production Efficiency and Agriculture Productivity According to research (Taylor, Drummond, Gomes, 1986) which relates to effectiveness of subsidized credit programs in improving the productivity of traditional farmers in developing countries the credit program known as PRODEMATA it is concluded by empirical results suggest that PRODEMATA has had no desire impact on technical efficiency and a slightly negative effect on allocative productivity (it is defined as a theoretical measure of the advantage or utility resulting from a planned or actual choice in the distribution or distribution of resources). The poor but efficient hypothesis states that the provision of agricultural credit will be ineffective in improving productivity and incomes since investment opportunities are limited. Traditional farmers are hypothesized to be efficient but faced with technological barriers that can- not be overcome by the mere influx of capital provided by credit programs alone. It is further analyzed that the economics of credit in Brazil and concluded there was an underutilization of capital on small farms and that credit would relieve capital shortages and improve output. However, in analyzing farm-level production in it is found that technological barriers were present which would prevent credit programs from having a significant impact on capital formation and incomes. Studying traditional agriculture in southern Brazil concluded that in- creased investment capital formation, such as use of mechanized equipment and fertilizer, alone is not the answer to increasing crop production. Better management, Information sources and consumption of resources are as significant and should be equally emphasized if any advantage is to be anticipated from increasing disbursement on these inputs. The implication here is that, while credit availability may afford traditional farmers the opportunity to invest in modernized inputs, there is no guarantee that these inputs will be used in such manner as to recognize the full level of output gains possible. It thus seems appropriate that the effectiveness of subsidized credit in traditional farming depends on concerns of technical as well as allocative efficiency. The research above illustrated credit program named as PRODEMATA was instituted The result was that participated in the program compared to those of nonparticipating farms indicate that the program wa

Subjectivity Of Justice Amongst Societies English Literature Essay

Schlink efficaciously employs word picture through the supporter Michael Berg to exemplify the cardinal subjectiveness of different sorts of justness portrayed throughout history. As a reader we are presented with a German society where most persons were either involved or affected, both straight and indirectly by World War II. This is besides no exclusion with the life affecting Michael, with his male parent being expelled from his university talking station because of his bizarre doctrines which were against Hitler ‘s purposes. Michael is portrayed as a naif kid raised in a society plagued with the load of war. While at his most guiltless point in his life, a vulnerable Michael begins a insouciant relationship with Hanna, a former SS guard at the Auschwitz concentration cantonment. From this Schlink highlights Michael ‘s exposures and how Hanna uses her laterality and mature temptingness to command Michael ‘s naif nature. Her actions are finally the cause of Micha el ‘s development from an guiltless kid into an emotionless adult male which acts as a polar point in the development of the text ‘s major subjects. This is because Schlink so presents Michael ‘s narrative throughout the text as undependable, which is symbolic of the subjectiveness of justness amongst societies. In the tribunal tests sing Hanna, different events are retold as through the narrative an undependable recount is given which reiterates the subjectiveness of all versions of history which lead to justness. This is reiterated through Michael ‘s comments on his changeless cunctation and how they support Schlink ‘s usage of Michael ‘s undependability to portray the subjectiveness of justness, † But today I can acknowledge that events back so were portion of a life-long form in which thought and making have either come together or failed to come together-I think, I reach a decision, I turn the decision into a determination † From the finding of fact of the test, Schlink forces the reader to finally question justness through the tribunal system and one version of events warrants the harshest of all humane punishments. Although Hanna ‘s actions were inhumane, as a reader we are positioned through narrative to experience sympathetic and believe although her actions should n't be condoned, as a reader we should oppugn who has the ultimate incrimination. This is done by sing who should be brought to justice more righteously, the caputs of evil governments, or their pawns bring downing enduring while non to the full being metaphorically illiterate to what is go oning. Schlink efficaciously uses symbolism to uncover the ignorance of the German people post the Nazi Regime and how the bequest of guilt still remains evident. This is particularly the instance through the symbolism casted by Schlink when associating to Hanna ‘s illiteracy. Throughout the bulk of the text it becomes progressively evident that Hanna is illiterate. This is first foreshadowed by Schlink one time Michael leaves a note which Hanna can non read, so in an effort decode it, she assumes it is about him go forthing and as a consequence she punishes him with her â€Å" leather supporter belt † to exert her authorization, cutting his lip in the procedure. It is so discovered she had resigned from several occupations due to frights of being incapable and society going aware of her illiteracy. In kernel her illiteracy is symbolic of the moral illiteracy of the German society and how the bequest of guilt remains. Although Hanna is illiterate, this does non needfully intend she is an invalid. Her function in the Nazi government was one forced by societal economic force per unit areas and was unable to grok the true badness of her actions. The German society mirrors her actions through the ignorance expressed throughout society. The moral illiteracy through ignorance becomes evident during the tribunal proceedings where Hanna is under scrutiny from the justice, and in an effort to warrant her actions she beckons to the justice â€Å" what would you hold done? † The justice is so baffled and moves on towards the following topic as she repeats the same inquiry momently after. Schlink illustrates Hanna ‘s illiteracy to symbolically stand for a true appraisal of an nescient Germany society, plagued with moral illiteracy that are unable to grok the agony felt by the Judaic people. As a reader we are so positioned to contemplate the inquiries associating to justness and disapprobation being presented to us by Schlink. It becomes evident that Sch link conveys the audience to be positioned to oppugn how a society can judge those who have done incorrect, while their ignorance has done nil to forestall or handle any farther wrong. Once once more Schlink uses symbolism to uncover how corporate guilt burdens an person. This is revealed through Hanna ‘s realization of her actions through the tribunal room and her clip in prison. Before her realization she led a life of illiteracy which so reflected her actions, nevertheless while in prison she was given hope by Michael for a new found life. This was done through the changeless sending of audio books recorded by Michael. Slowly Hanna began to understand literature and this is when she realised the full extent of her actions. Schlink portrays Hanna ‘s self-destruction as a agency of going free from the collective guilt which was placed onto her. Symbolically Schlink uses an old tea box to function as Hanna ‘s manner of seeking forgiveness to her lasting victim. Michael follows her concluding wants and finally travels trying to manus over the gift as a mark of Hanna ‘s forgiveness. The writer gracefully diminutions but is pleased to have a po rtion of the gift, a tea box which reminds her of one she one time possessed whilst in the cantonment. Schlink illustrates this minute as the sympathetic rapprochement scene where Hanna ‘s bequest is continued, with forgiveness sought.

Emotions/ Moods and the Group Essay

In assessing my own role within the organization, I have come to conclusion that there were several basic questions to be answered. First, I wanted to clearly understand what factors motivated me at workplace. Second, I wanted to determine my managerial skills and to understand whether I needed job enrichment. Third, I had to know whether I was capable of following ethical standards at work, and how I managed my stress. All these questions were answered by me through the set of specially designed self-assessments. Motivation and job enrichment are the two categories which have for long been interrelated. In her article, Payne (2007) defined job enrichment as â€Å"increasing an employee’s responsibility and control over his or her work† (p. 235). As a result, job enrichment is one of the major pathways towards increasing employee motivation. Despite the fact that I was traditionally satisfied with my job, the first self-assessment test has revealed my low job motivating potential. With the score of 32 (against 128 in average) I could hardly hope to increase this motivation in the nearest future. Simultaneously, I have come to conclusion, and this conclusion was absolutely natural in terms of the previous result, that job enrichment is what I needed working in this organization. Probably, this was the reasons of my being unable to identify my role in this organization: motivated employees better realize what they do, and what they can do for their company (Payne 2007, p. 237). In this search of the â€Å"organizational self† understanding what type of organization I preferred could shed the light onto my organizational skills and roles; yet, the self-assessment test has not led me to any relevant conclusions. The results have shown that I did not have any clear preferences as for the type of organization in which I would like to work. Consequentially, I have come to understanding the two basic things: first, as far as I did not display any organizational preferences, I could find myself and realize myself in any company; second, the problem of motivation did not lie in the type of organization, but in the attitudes of management, and the conditions in which I had to work. A study conducted by Chiaburn and Marinova (2006) has researched the connection between fairness and employee role enlargement within an organization. The authors have come to conclusion that fairness-related components can play significant role in enhancing the employee role (Chiaburn & Marinova 2006, p. 176); but is it possible for an employee to drive his own motivation and to manage these aspects? The results of several other self-assessments have led me to the realization of the following facts: my political skills in organization are better than average, which presupposes that in my daily performance I follow fundamental ethical principles; I am committed to my organization, and display extremely high motivation to manage. Simultaneously, I am capable of managing turbulent changes, have low probability of stress-related stress changes (35-50%), and is far from experiencing burnout (my score is 2. 43 with 7 being the maximal result for this assessment scale). Self-assessment tests have helped me to realize what I mean for the organization, what limitations I face on my way towards better career, and what problems I have in my professional development. I realize that I can manage people but my current responsibilities do not leave enough space for me to act. I do not have professional opportunity to display my abilities, and thus I do not possess clear perspectives for my career growth. Although my organizational profile cannot be called perfect, and I have to be prepared to certain risks (stresses and burnouts), my profile in general is connected with significant career potential. As long as I have no possibility to realize it in the current organization, I could think of changing my employment. Bearing in mind that I do not display any clear preferences as for the type of organization, I expect that I would be able to easily adjust to any new organizational environment. Conclusion My profile has clearly determined my role in the organization and the problems of my career development. What I currently realize is that I have to look for other opportunities to realize my potential. What I now have is the clear understanding of my positive sides and constraints, which I have to face in my professional career within any organization I choose.

Briefing Report on Andragogy - 1284 Words

Assessment 1: Authentic Tasks - Briefing Report on Andragogy What is meant by andragogy? The current business environment is continuously changing and it is vital that Google provides their workforce with effective training and development to ensure that the corporation retains the market position and stay ahead of competitors. However, to propose a suitable training method within an adult workplace, it is important to understand the variety of training models that can be applied, which sets of hypothesis and theories that form the foundation of adult learning and the key principles (Delahaye 2011). The adult learning process is complicated and extremely subjective, there is no single theory that can explain how adults learn. Therefore it is important for educators to understand the fundamental surrounding the process of adult learning, to ensure that the delivery of their training is effective and can respond to the needs of the adult learners (Delahaye 2011). It is common for adults to continue learning after completing secondary education. Whether it is work related, self-improvement, or newfound interest in a particular area, continuation of learning and education are common experience for most adults. There are courses and training facilities widely available for adults, however is not immediately apparent how the educational experience can best be organized and delivered to the adult learner. Adult learning has been described as a separate entity to the traditionShow MoreRelatedPtlls Level 311404 Words   |  46 Pageswhere learners will be able to practice writing skills. iv. I will use PowerPoint in the classroom and give learners handouts so that they will be able to use their English reading skills. v. I will ask them to complete accident reports, handover notes, and sick leave form and make radio and telephone calls. vi. I will introduce into the course problem solving schemes that allows learners to use their general maths skills. For example, in the teaching of the CCTV, learners